Hekatronics

The resistor's resistance  limits the flow of electrons  through a circuit. Resistor units The electrical resistance of a resistor is measured in  ohms . Schematic symbol All resistors have  two terminals , one connection on each end of the resistor. When modeled on a schematic, a resistor will show up as one of these two symbols Resistor color code chart The chart below shows how to determine the resistance and tolerance for resistors. The table can also be used to specify the color of the bands when the values are known. An  automatic resistor calculator  can be used to quickly find the resistor values.

Gauge No. Inches Millimeters 000000 0.5800 14.73 00000 0.5165 13.12 0000 0.4600 11.68 000 0.4096 10.40 00 0.3648 9.266 0 0.3249 8.251 1 0.2893 7.348 2 0.2576 6.544 3 0.2294 5.827 4 0.2043 5.189 5 0.1819 4.621 6 0.1620 4.115 7 0.1443 3.665 8 0.1285 3.264 9 0.1144 2.906 10 0.1019 2.588 11 0.09074 2.305 12 0.08081 2.053 13 0.07196 1.828 14 0.06408 1.628 15 0.05707 1.450 16 0.05082 1.291 17 0.04526 1.149 18 0.04030 1.024 19 0.03589 0.9116 20 0.03196 0.8118 21 0.02846 0.7229 22 0.02535 0.6438 23 0.02257 0.5733 24 0.02010 0.5106 25 0.01790 0.4547 26 0.01594 0.4049 27 0.01420 0.3606 28 0.01264 0.3211 29 0.01126 0.2859 30 0.01002 0.2546 31 0.008928 0.2268 32 0.007950 0.2019 33 0.007080 0.1798 34 0.006305 0.1601 35 0.005615 0.1426 36 0.005000 0.1270 37 0.004453 0.1131 38 0.003965 0.1007 39 0.00353 0.08969 40 0.003144 0.07986

Lighting up 12 volt LED strip with 1.5 volt battery This is a simple voltage booster circuit. It can increase the voltage of a power source by changing the constant low voltage signal into a series of rapid pulses at a higher voltage. You most commonly see this kind of circuit used to power LEDs with a “dead” battery, but there are many more potential applications for a circuit like this. Any NPN transistor like BC547 1K Resistor 12 Volt LED strip Enamel coated Copper wire preferable SW32 Ferite Ring You can source Ferite ring from dead CFL Bulb Please check out below demo Background: How Does a it Work? This circuit is a self-oscillating voltage booster. It takes a steady low voltage signal and converts it into a series of high frequency pulses at a higher voltage.  Here is how a basic it works, step by step: 1. Initially the transistor is off. 2. A small amount of electricity goes through the resistor and the first coil to the

An operational amplifier is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals.   Reference  Wikipedia

AC Coupling : AC coupling consists of using a capacitor to filter out the DC signal component from a signal with both AC and DC components. The capacitor must be in series with the signal. AC coupling is useful because the DC component of a signal acts as a voltage offset, and removing it from the signal can increase the resolution of signal measurements. AC coupling is also known as capacitive coupling. DC Coupling:  DC coupling allows both AC and DC signals to pass through a connection. When using DC coupling, no additional capacitor is added to filter the signal. The DC-coupled configuration is usually best if the signal source has only small amounts of offset voltage, less than ±100 mV, or if the DC content of the acquired signal is important. Download Excel Simulator

Input Impedance is the impedance offered by the input terminals of a circuit. It is also defined as the ratio of voltage across the input terminals to the current flowing through the input terminals. Generally we prefer high input impedance over low input impedance .There will be no voltage drop across the source impedance when input impedance is assumed to be infinity.  Output impedance being low is needed because a speaker is 2 ohms, or 4 ohms or 8 ohms or 16 ohms. All of these numbers are very low numbers.This is the output impedance you must match. Input impedance must be high to not “pull” on the source device. For example, a record player, or phonograph, puts out only mini-volts of voltage. So the signal is very weak before it hits the first pre-amp stage. Therefore, you can’t “pull” on that device, since the first stage in any amplifier is basically a voltage amplification circuit and then followed by power amplification circuit. Impedance  formula Z=R2+(Xl-Xc)2 Z

picofarads nanofarads microfarads code 1.0 pF 0.0010 nF 0.0000010 uF 1R0 10 pF 0.010 nF 0.000010 uF 100 22 pF 0.022 nF 0.000022 uF 220 33 pF 0.033 nF 0.000033 uF 330 47 pF 0.047 nF 0.000047 uF 470 56 pF 0.056 nF 0.000056 uF 560 68 pF 0.068 nF 0.000068 uF 680 75 pF 0.075 nF 0.000075 uF 750 82 pF 0.082 nF 0.000082 uF 820 100 pF 0.10 nF 0.00010 uF 101 120 pF 0.12 nF 0.00012 uF 121 150 pF 0.15 nF 0.00015 uF 151 160 pF 0.16 nF 0.00016 uF 161 180 pF 0.18 nF 0.00018 uF 181 200 pF 0.20 nF 0.00020 uF 201 220 pF 0.22 nF 0.00022 uF 221 240 pF 0.24 nF 0.00024 uF 241 270 pF 0.27 nF 0.00027 uF 271 300 pF 0.30 nF 0.00030 uF 301 330 pF 0.33 nF 0.00033 uF 331 360 pF 0.36 nF 0.00036 uF 361 390 pF 0.39 nF 0.00039 uF 391 470 pF 0.47 nF 0.00047 uF 471 510 pF 0.51 nF 0.00051 uF 511 560 pF 0.56 nF 0.00056 uF 561 620 pF 0.62 nF 0.00062 uF 621 680 pF 0.68 nF 0.00068 uF 681 750 pF 0.75 nF 0.00075 uF 751 820 pF 0.82 nF 0.00082 uF 821 1000 pF 1.0 nF 0.0010 uF 102 1200 pF 1.2 nF 0.