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555 Timer

Pin Configuration Pin Number Pin Name Description 1 Ground Ground Reference Voltage 0V 2 Trigger Responsible for transition of the flip-flop from set to reset. The output of the timer depends 2 I on the amplitude of the external trigger pulse applied to this pin 3 Output This pin is normally connected to load as it is the only pin with output driven waveform 4 Reset Negative pulse applied to this pin to disable or reset the timer. When not used for reset 4 I purposes, it should be connected to VCC to avoid false triggering 5 Control Controls the threshold and trigger levels. It determines the pulse width of the output 5 Voltage I waveform. An external voltage applied to this pin can also be used to modulate the output waveform 6 Threshold Compares the voltage applied to the terminal with a reference voltage of 2/3 Vcc. The 6 I amplitude of voltage applied to this terminal is responsible for the set state of the flip-flop 7 Dischar
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Ceramic Capacitors

Pin  Configuration The  Ceramic Capacitors  has no polarity. Meaning they can be connected in any direction. They are breadboard friendly and can be easily used on a perf board also. The symbol for ceramic capacitor is just two plain lines as shown above since they do not have any polarity. Note:  There are many  types of capacitors ; however  ceramic capacitors  are the most widely used ones and this document is applicable only for the same. Ceramic Capacitor Features Capacitor Type - Ceramic  Has a high range of capacitance value starting from 10pF to 3.3uF Has a high range of voltage value starting from 16V to 450V Can withstand a maximum of 105°C temperature Other Types of Capacitors Ceramic Capacitor, Box Capacitor, Variable Capacitor, Mylar capacitors. Identifying Ceramic Capacitors The value of a ceramic capacitance will not be directly mentioned on the capacitor. There will always be a three digit number followed by a variable; let’s learn how to ide
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Mylar Capacitors

Mylar Capacitors  a.k.a  polyester capacitors  ( PET ) are special  type of capacitors  with some unique features compared with ceramic and electrolytic capacitor. They can withstand high voltages in a relatively small package and provides high resistance against moisture. Pin Configuration The  Mylar Capacitors  has no polarity similar to the  ceramic capacitors . Meaning they can be connected in any direction. They are breadboard friendly and can be easily used on a perf board also. The  symbol for mylar capacitor is just two plain lines as shown above since they do not have any polarity. Note:  There are many types of capacitors; the Mylar capacitor is a special type of capacitor with unique properties   Mylar capacitor Features Capacitance Range: 0.001uF to 5.6uF Voltage Range: 50V to 630V Tolerance: ±10% Dielectric constant: 3.2 at 1MHz Dissipation factor: 0.5 at 1kHz Capacitance drift: 1.5 Operating Temperature:  125°C (max) Note:  More details can be fou
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Raspberry Pi

Setup VNC sudo apt-get install realvnc*  sudo systemctl enable vncserver-x11-serviced.service sudo systemctl start vncserver-x11-serviced.service sudo systemctl status vncserver-x11-serviced.service sudo raspi - config Now, enable VNC Server by doing the following: Navigate to  Interfacing Options . Scroll down and select  VNC > Yes .
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MOSFET vs IGBT

There are many types of switch-mode power supply (SMPS) transistors to choose from today. Two of the more popular versions are the metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) and the insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). Historically speaking, low-voltage, low-current and high switching frequencies favor MOSFETs. High-voltage, high-current and low switching frequencies, on the other hand, favor IGBTs. The MOSFET in a nutshell The MOSFET is a three-terminal (gate, drain, and source) fully-controlled switch. The gate/control signal occurs between the gate and source, and its switch terminals are the drain and source. The gate itself is made of metal, separated from the source and drain using a metal oxide. This allows for less power consumption, and makes the transistor a great choice for use as an electronic switch or common-source amplifier. In order to function properly, MOSFETs have to maintain a positive temperature coefficient. This means there’s lit
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Resistors

The resistor's resistance  limits the flow of electrons  through a circuit. Resistor units The electrical resistance of a resistor is measured in  ohms . Schematic symbol All resistors have  two terminals , one connection on each end of the resistor. When modeled on a schematic, a resistor will show up as one of these two symbols Resistor color code chart The chart below shows how to determine the resistance and tolerance for resistors. The table can also be used to specify the color of the bands when the values are known. An  automatic resistor calculator  can be used to quickly find the resistor values.
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